Criminal Behaviour Orders (CBOs) and Anti-Social Behaviour Injunctions (ASBIs)

The guidance suggests that these orders should be applied for in respect of only the most serious & persistent offenders but this is invariably ignored. They can be obtained against anyone over the age of 10. For a CBO the threshold is that the person has engaged in (or is likely to) behaviour that is likely to cause harassment, alarm or distress and that the CBO will help in preventing it. For ASBIs the judge just needs to find that it is more likely than not (balance of probability) that the person has engaged or threatened to engage in antisocial behaviour and that is just and convenient to make the ASBI to prevent antisocial behaviour.

Many of the proposed conditions amount to criminal offences already and so are completely otiose. Some proposed conditions are vague and unworkable e.g. not to be in a public place in a group of more than three including himself – this would have precluded one of our clients from even joining a bus queue and, bear in mind, that the consequence of breach is that the young person is arrested with all that entails as they will probably be kept in detention and could receive a custodial sentence especially if they breach the condition repeatedly.

This is very worrying given the effect these orders have on young people if granted. The evidence often follows the same format with statements being recycled from one application to another. A senior officer will provide a generic statement regarding the effect of gangs on the local community. Several other officers will then provide statements about our client that describe behaviour deemed likely to cause harassment/alarm/distress. As the burden of proof is to the civil standard for ASBIs, the young person’s history of arrests and CRIS reports is trawled through and served up in a soup of unproven allegations. Accordingly, evidence that was not strong enough to secure a conviction (most often not even a charge) is relied on to secure an ASBI.

1. With the old Anti-social Behaviour Orders (ASBOs) the test was “necessity” + proportionality.
2. With CBOs the test is would it be ‘helpful’ (in preventing young person in engaging in behaviour likely to cause harassment, alarm or distress) + proportionality.
3. With ASBIs it is a ‘just and convenient’ test + proportionality.

Therefore impact of current or proposed YOT intervention (i.e. orders with which young person engaged) is poorly assessed if it is assessed at all.

If they provide any response at all (which there is a statutory duty to) it is generally a bland assent to the proposed order.

We have seen lists of people with whom it is proposed that our client should not have contact which has included individuals in detention serving sentences outlasting the CBO & in one case an individual who was, in fact, dead. This shows the lack of care and attention that the applications can be given. It is also very insensitive.

The lists of people with whom the young person should not have contact often runs into double figures. This is put on the basis that these are gang affiliations. As often as not, the young person has grown up with these people and they live locally. Accordingly, they share and use the same facilities in terms of schools, shopping malls, parks, youth clubs, transport, GP surgeries, and YOT offices. Avoiding contact as opposed to antisocial behaviour is an absolute minefield hence the reason why we deem it setting the young person up to fail. We have had examples where the proposed order included young people that went to the same school, used the same transport, went to the same YOT, and same GP practice.

These orders serve to criminalise and disaffect young people at the very age when agencies should be supporting them to succeed and engage well with their families, schools & communities. They create more friction between the young person who often has numerous issues in their lives that require long term and intensive intervention which is not best achieved by a list of ‘dos and don’ts’.

These difficulties made them ripe for manipulation & exploitation. If these learning difficulties had been picked up as they should have been then it is highly likely that with appropriate support and intervention they could have been diverted from criminal activity in the first place.

The current statutory provisions are ample to confront & constrain criminal behaviour.  Resources should be focused on education, Social Services Departments, Community Mental Health facilities and the YOT to deliver effective intervention.  The imposition of CBOs & ASBIs demonises and criminalises individual children who are the main victims of the violence and gang activity.